Functional Neurological Disorder

Overview

Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) is a condition where individuals experience neurological symptoms such as weakness, movement difficulties, or sensory disturbances, but without structural damage to the nervous system. While FND can be distressing and disabling, the symptoms are real and can often improve with the right diagnosis, support, and rehabilitation.

At Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital, we offer specialist assessment and comprehensive rehabilitation to help individuals living with FND regain function and confidence.

Causes of Functional Neurological Disorder

The exact cause of FND is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a problem with how the brain and body communicate, rather than structural damage to the nervous system. Contributing factors may include:

• Stress or psychological trauma
• Physical injury or illness
• Neurological vulnerability
• Fatigue or sleep disturbances
• Anxiety or depression (although not always present)

FND is a recognised medical condition and is not considered to be “imagined” or deliberate.

Common Symptoms of FND

FND symptoms can vary widely and may include:

• Muscle weakness or paralysis
• Tremors or abnormal movements
• Seizure-like episodes (non-epileptic seizures)
• Sensory changes such as numbness or tingling
• Speech difficulties or slurred speech
• Gait (walking) problems or unsteadiness
• Visual disturbances
• Cognitive or memory problems
• Chronic pain or fatigue

Symptoms may fluctuate over time and often worsen with stress or fatigue.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing FND involves:

• A thorough neurological assessment
• Ruling out structural neurological conditions (e.g., stroke, MS)
• Positive clinical signs recognised by experienced neurologists (e.g., Hoover’s sign for weakness)
• MRI or other imaging to exclude other causes where necessary

At Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital, our multidisciplinary team is experienced in diagnosing FND with sensitivity and expertise.

Treatment & Rehabilitation

FND requires a holistic approach, combining neurological expertise with rehabilitation and psychological support:

• Physiotherapy, to improve movement, strength, and coordination
• Occupational therapy, to support daily living and functional independence
• Psychological therapies, including cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), to manage stress and improve symptom control
• Speech and language therapy, if communication or swallowing is affected
• Education and support, to understand the condition and promote self-management

Our tailored rehabilitation programmes are designed to help individuals with FND regain confidence and maximise independence.

Why Choose Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital?

• Specialist expertise in neurological rehabilitation
• Multidisciplinary, consultant-led care
• Inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation programmes
• Individualised, goal-focused therapy
• Private, supportive environment with modern facilities

Our Resident Neurologist

Dr Weatherall is very welcoming and highly experienced. He offers his patients sound diagnosis and treatment, along with individual care focused on their future health.

Dr Mark Weatherall

Consultant Neurologist

Field