Hypothyroidism

21 December 2024

Underactive thyroid, known as hypothyroidism, is where the thyroid gland isn’t producing enough thyroid hormones. Find out more about the causes, symptoms and how to live a healthy life with this condition.

What is Hypothyroidism?

Hypothyroidism, also known as underactive thyroid, is a condition where the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormones. The thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of your neck, plays a crucial role in regulating your metabolism, the process by which your body converts food into energy.

Thyroid hormones influence nearly every cell and organ in your body, impacting heart rate, digestion, muscle function, mood, bone health, and even weight regulation. In hypothyroidism, the lack of sufficient thyroid hormones disrupts these processes, leading to a cascade of symptoms and potential health complications if left untreated.

Causes

Several factors can contribute to hypothyroidism, including:

Autoimmune disease: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism, an autoimmune disorder where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, damaging its ability to produce hormones.
Treatment for an overactive thyroid: Sometimes, treatment for an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism) with radioactive iodine or anti-thyroid medications can damage the thyroid gland and lead to hypothyroidism.
Thyroid surgery: Removal of part or all of the thyroid gland due to cancer or other reasons can lead to hypothyroidism.
Medication side effects: Certain medications can interfere with thyroid hormone production or function.
Congenital hypothyroidism: In rare cases, babies can be born with an underdeveloped thyroid gland or a malfunctioning thyroid, leading to hypothyroidism from birth.
Iodine deficiency: Severe iodine deficiency is uncommon in developed countries due to iodized salt, but it can be a cause of hypothyroidism globally.

Who is At Risk for Hypothyroidism?

While anyone can develop hypothyroidism, certain factors increase your risk:

Women: Women are more likely than men to develop hypothyroidism.
Family history: Having a family member with an autoimmune disease like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis increases your risk.
Age: The risk of hypothyroidism increases with age, especially in women.
Previous thyroid problems: A history of thyroid issues, such as previous Graves’ disease (an overactive thyroid condition), or prior thyroid surgery or radioactive iodine treatment, increases the risk of developing hypothyroidism.
Autoimmune diseases: The presence of other autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes or celiac disease can increase your risk of developing Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and hypothyroidism.

Symptoms

Symptoms of hypothyroidism can develop gradually over time and may vary from person to person. Some common symptoms include:

Fatigue: This is a hallmark symptom of hypothyroidism and can be severe, leaving you feeling constantly tired and lacking energy. Even simple tasks can feel exhausting.
Weight gain: Unexplained weight gain or difficulty losing weight can occur due to a slowed metabolism caused by low thyroid hormone levels. People with hypothyroidism may find they gain weight despite eating the same or even less than usual.
Sensitivity to cold: Feeling colder than usual, even in warm environments, is a common symptom as your metabolism slows down. You may find yourself wearing layers of clothing indoors while others feel comfortable.
Dry skin and hair: Dry, brittle hair and itchy, flaky skin can be signs of hypothyroidism. Your skin may also appear pale and puffy.
Muscle aches and stiffness: Muscle weakness, aches, and stiffness are common complaints in people with hypothyroidism. This can make it difficult to exercise and participate in physical activities you once enjoyed.
Joint pain: Joint pain and stiffness can occur due to fluid buildup around the joints.
Heavy or irregular menstrual periods: Women with hypothyroidism may experience irregular or heavier menstrual periods.
Constipation: Sluggish digestion and constipation are frequent symptoms as the slowed metabolism affects the digestive system.
Depression and anxiety: Mood changes, such as feeling down, depressed, or anxious, can occur in hypothyroidism. You may also experience difficulty concentrating, memory problems, and feeling mentally foggy.
Slow heart rate: A slow heartbeat (bradycardia) is a potential sign of hypothyroidism.
Hoarseness: A hoarse voice can be a symptom in some people with hypothyroidism.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing hypothyroidism often involves a combination of tests:

Blood tests: A blood test to measure thyroid hormone levels (TSH and free T4) is the primary diagnostic tool. In hypothyroidism, TSH levels are usually elevated (the pituitary gland tries to stimulate the thyroid to produce more hormone), while free T4 levels are lower than normal (indicating the thyroid is not producing enough hormone).
Thyroid scan: An ultrasound or radioactive iodine uptake scan may be used to assess the structure and function of the thyroid gland and identify potential abnormalities. An ultrasound can reveal the size and texture of the thyroid gland, while a radioactive iodine uptake scan measures how well the thyroid gland is taking up iodine, a crucial element for hormone production.

Living with Hypothyroidism: Getting Your Energy Back on Track

Hypothyroidism is a treatable condition. The mainstay of treatment is hormone replacement therapy, typically with a synthetic thyroid hormone medication called levothyroxine. This medication helps replace the missing thyroid hormone and restore normal hormone levels.

With proper treatment and regular monitoring by your doctor, most people with hypothyroidism can live healthy and fulfilling lives. Here’s a breakdown of the treatment approach:

Levothyroxine therapy: Levothyroxine is a synthetic version of the thyroid hormone T4 (thyroxine). It is a daily medication taken orally, typically on an empty stomach before breakfast. The dosage is determined by your doctor based on your blood test results and may need adjustments over time to ensure optimal hormone levels. Regular blood tests are crucial to monitor your TSH levels and ensure your medication dosage is effective.
Long-term management: Hypothyroidism is typically a lifelong condition requiring ongoing treatment with levothyroxine. Once you achieve optimal hormone levels with the right dosage, you should experience significant improvement in your symptoms and overall well-being. However, it’s important to continue taking your medication as prescribed, even if you start feeling better, to maintain a healthy thyroid hormone balance.
Addressing other health concerns: Hypothyroidism can sometimes coexist with other health conditions like anemia or high cholesterol. Your doctor may recommend additional medications or lifestyle changes to manage these co-existing conditions and optimize your overall health.

Living a Healthy Life with Hypothyroidism

In addition to medication, certain lifestyle modifications can support your thyroid health and well-being:

Following up with your doctor: Regular follow-up appointments with your doctor are crucial for monitoring your thyroid hormone levels and adjusting your medication dosage as needed. Discuss any changes in your symptoms or overall health with your doctor during these appointments.are at home, you can help alleviate symptoms, prevent the spread of infection, and promote your child’s recovery.

Diet: While there’s no specific hypothyroidism diet, focusing on a balanced and nutritious diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein can provide essential nutrients to support your overall health and metabolism. Some studies suggest that ensuring adequate intake of selenium, zinc, and iron may be beneficial for thyroid function. Consult a registered dietitian or nutritionist for personalized dietary guidance.

Weight management: Maintaining a healthy weight can be particularly important for people with hypothyroidism. Losing weight, even a moderate amount, can improve your energy levels, mood, and overall health.

Exercise: Regular physical activity is crucial for overall health and well-being, and it can be especially helpful for people with hypothyroidism. Exercise can help improve energy levels, reduce muscle aches and stiffness, and aid in weight management. Low-impact exercises like walking, swimming, or yoga are excellent choices for people with hypothyroidism.

Stress management: Chronic stress can worsen some hypothyroidism symptoms. Relaxation techniques like deep breathing exercises, meditation, or yoga can help manage stress and improve your overall well-being.

Getting enough sleep: Adequate sleep is essential for everyone, but it’s particularly important for people with hypothyroidism. Aim for 7-8 hours of quality sleep each night to promote optimal physical and mental health.

Arranging To Visit A Private GP

To discuss any worrying symptoms that could be an indication of underactive thyroid make an appointment with one of our private GPs. Appointments are available to everyone and can often be booked for the same day. There is no need to be registered with our Buckinghamshire hospital, or live locally.

If you have insurance which covers a GP visit, we can in most cases invoice the insurer directly. Where you are paying directly, the cost for a 30 minute consultation is £125.

Any additional costs will always be discussed. They could apply if you are referred for an MRI scan, or to a consultant, or for other agreed decisions to support your health.

Our Resident Private GP

Dr Chamali is welcoming and highly experienced. He offers his patients sound diagnosis and treatment, along with individual care focused on their future health.